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Appendix B

Reference Manual

Unit Systems in C-MOLD


C-MOLD uses SI units to store information in all input and output files. The values in SI units, however, might not be meaningful to a molding engineer. For example, millimeter and inch are more commonly used for recording dimensions, rather than meter; ton is generally used for machine clamp force, rather than Newton. C-MOLD's interactive applications handle multiple unit systems. No matter which unit system you choose to use, C-MOLD always stores information in SI units; this conversion happens automatically.

C-MOLD interactive applications are able to display any value in the C-MOLD Database or accept values for any dimension or parameter you specify, in any of five unit systems. You can choose the unit system you prefer with the Units command on the Options menu, found in the menu bar of each interactive application. Choose among Metric, SI, CGS (centimeter/gram/second), English, and FPS (foot/pound/second) unit systems; the metric system is used by default.

While SI, CGS, and FPS are standard unit systems, Metric and English unit systems combine standard systems to make composite unit systems suitable for the molding industry. The tables below summarize each of the five unit systems available in C-MOLD, listing the properties, the units for each property, and the conversion factors required to calculate each of those units relative to the SI system. Note that there are two units presented for the property of volumetric flow rate, because the molding industry, in some cases, uses one flow-rate unit for polymer injection flow rate and another for coolant flow rate (generally, coolant flow rate is much faster than polymer injection flow rate).

Note: To convert from SI units to the desired units using the conversion factors listed in the tables, use this formula:

Desired unit = (SI unit x Scale Factor) + Offset.
Table B-1. SI units
Property  Unit  Scale Factor  Offset 
Acceleration  m/s2 
Angular velocity  rad/s 
Area  m2 
Cost per time  US$/hr 
Cost per weight  US$/kg 
Density  kg/m3 
Dielectric strength  V/m 
Energy, Work, Heat load 
Force 
Heat flux  W/m2 
Heat transfer coefficient  W/m2-K 
Impulse  N-s 
Izod notched impact strength  J/m 
Length 
Linear mold shrinkage  m/m 
Linear thermal expansion coefficient  1/K 
Mass  kg 
Mass flow rate  kg/s 
Melt flow index (MFI)  dg/min 
Moment, Torque  N-m 
Percentage 
Plane angle  rad 
Power, Heat release rate 
Pressure, Stress, Modulus  Pa 
Resistivity  ohm 
Shear rate, Frequency  1/s 
Solid angle  sr 
Specific heat  J/kg-K 
Specific volume  m3/kg 
Surface tension  N/m 
Temperature 
Temperature difference 
Temperature gradient  K/m 
Thermal conductivity  W/m-K 
Thermal diffusivity, Kinetic viscosity  m2/s 
Time 
Velocity  m/s 
Viscosity  Pa-s 
Volume  m3 
Volume resistivity  ohm-m 
Volumetric flow rate  m3/s 
Volumetric flow rate (2)  m3/s 
Table B-2. Metric units
Property  Unit  Scale Factor  Offset 
Acceleration  cm/s2  100 
Angular velocity  rad/s 
Area  cm2  1.0x104 
Cost per time  US$/hr 
Cost per weight  US$/kg 
Density  g/cm3  1.0x10-3 
Dielectric strength  V/cm  1.0x10-2 
Energy, Work, Heat load  cal  2.3885x10-1 
Force  ton (m)  1.0194x10-4 
Heat flux  cal/s-cm2  2.3885x10-5 
Heat transfer coefficient  cal/s-cm2-C  2.3885x10-5 
Impulse  dyne-s  1.0x105 
Izod notched impact strength  cal/cm  2.3885x10-3 
Length  mm  1.0x103 
Linear mold shrinkage  mm/mm 
Linear thermal expansion coefficient  1/C 
Mass  1.0x103 
Mass flow rate  g/s  1.0x103 
Melt flow index (MFI)  dg/min 
Moment, Torque  dyne-cm  1.0x107 
Percentage 
Plane angle  rad 
Power, Heat release rate  kW  1.0x10-3 
Pressure, Stress, Modulus  MPa  1.0x10-6 
Resistivity  ohm 
Shear rate, Frequency  1/s 
Solid angle  sr 
Specific heat  cal/g-C  2.3885x10-4 
Specific volume  cm3/g  1.0x103 
Surface tension  dyne/cm  1.0x103 
Temperature  -273.15 
Temperature difference 
Temperature gradient  C/cm  1.0x10-2 
Thermal conductivity  cal/s-cm-C  2.3885x10-3 
Thermal diffusivity, Kinetic viscosity  cm2/s  1.0x104 
Time 
Velocity  cm/s  1.0x102 
Viscosity  Pa-s 
Volume  cm3  1.0x106 
Volume resistivity  ohm-cm  1.0x102 
Volumetric flow rate  cm3/s  1.0x106 
Volumetric flow rate (2)  lit/min  6.0x104 
Table B-3. English units
Property  Unit  Scale Factor  Offset 
Acceleration  in/s2  3.9370x101 
Angular velocity  rad/s 
Area  in2  1.5500x103 
Cost per time  US$/hr 
Cost per weight  US$/lb  4.5359x10-1 
Density  lb/in3  3.6127x10-5 
Dielectric strength  V/in  2.5400x10-2 
Energy, Work, Heat load  Btu  9.4787x10-4 
Force  ton (US)  1.1241x10-4 
Heat flux  Btu/h-ft2  3.1701x10-1 
Heat transfer coefficient  Btu/h-ft2-F  1.7612x10-1 
Impulse  lbf-s  2.2481x10-1 
Izod notched impact strength  Btu/ft  2.8889x10-4 
Length  in  3.9370x101 
Linear mold shrinkage  in/in 
Linear thermal expansion coefficient  1/F  5.5556x10-1 
Mass  oz  3.5274x101 
Mass flow rate  oz/s  3.5274x101 
Melt flow index (MFI)  dg/min 
Moment, Torque  lbf-ft  7.3756x10-1 
Percentage 
Plane angle  rad 
Power, Heat release rate  hp  1.3410x10-3 
Pressure, Stress  psi  1.4504x10-4 
Resistivity  ohm 
Shear rate, Frequency  1/s 
Solid angle  sr 
Specific heat  Btu/lb-F  2.3886x10-4 
Specific volume  in3/lb  2.7680x104 
Surface tension  lbf/in  5.7103x10-3 
Temperature  1.8  -459.67 
Temperature difference  1.8 
Temperature gradient  F/in  4.5721x10-2 
Thermal conductivity  Btu/ft-h-F  5.7781x10-1 
Thermal diffusivity, Kinetic viscosity  ft2/s  1.0764x101 
Time 
Velocity  in/s  3.9370x101 
Viscosity  lbf-s/ft2  2.0885x10-2 
Volume  in3  6.1023x104 
Volume resistivity  ohm-in  3.9370x101 
Volumetric flow rate  in3/s  6.1023x104 
Volumetric flow rate (2)  gal (US)/min  1.5852x104 
Table B-4. CGS units
Property  Unit  Scale Factor  Offset 
Acceleration  cm/s2  100 
Angular velocity  rad/s 
Area  cm2  1.0x104 
Cost per time  US$/hr 
Cost per weight  US$/kg 
Density  g/cm3  1.0x10-3 
Dielectric strength  V/cm  1.0x10-2 
Energy, Work, Heat load  cal  2.3885x10-1 
Force  dyne  1.0x105 
Heat flux  cal/s-cm2  2.3885x10-5 
Heat transfer coefficient  cal/s-cm2-C  2.3885x10-5 
Impulse  dyne-s  1.0x105 
Izod notched impact strength  cal/cm  2.3885x10-3 
Length  cm  1.0x102 
Linear mold shrinkage  cm/cm 
Linear thermal expansion coefficient  1/C 
Mass  1.0x103 
Mass flow rate  g/s  1.0x103 
Melt flow index (MFI)  dg/min 
Moment, Torque  dyne-cm  1.0x107 
Percentage 
Plane angle  rad 
Power, Heat release rate  cal/s  2.3885x10-1 
Pressure, Stress, Modulus  dyne/cm2  1.0x101 
Resistivity  ohm 
Shear rate, Frequency  1/s 
Solid angle  sr 
Specific heat  cal/g-C  2.3885x10-4 
Specific volume  cm3/g  1.0x103 
Surface tension  dyne/cm  1.0x103 
Temperature  -273.15 
Temperature difference 
Temperature gradient  C/cm  1.0x10-2 
Thermal conductivity  cal/s-cm-C  2.3885x10-3 
Thermal diffusivity, Kinetic viscosity  cm2/s  1.0x104 
Time 
Velocity  cm/s  1.0x102 
Viscosity  poise  1.0x101 
Volume  cm3  1.0x106 
Volume resistivity  ohm-cm  1.0x102 
Volumetric flow rate  cm3/s  1.0x106 
Volumetric flow rate (2)  cm3/s  1.0x106 
Table B-5. FPS units
Property  Unit  Scale Factor  Offset 
Acceleration  ft/s2  3.2808 
Angular velocity  rad/s 
Area  ft2  1.0764x101 
Cost per time  US$/hr 
Cost per weight  US$/lb  4.5359x10-1 
Density  lb/ft3  6.2428x10-2 
Dielectric strength  V/ft  3.0480x10-1 
Energy, Work, Heat load  lbf-ft  7.3756x10-1 
Force  lbf  2.2481x10-1 
Heat flux  lbf/s-ft  6.8522x10-2 
Heat transfer coefficient  lbf/s-ft-F  3.8068x10-2 
Impulse  lbf-s  2.2481x10-1 
Izod notched impact strength  ft-lbf/ft  2.2481x10-1 
Length  ft  3.2808 
Linear mold shrinkage  ft/ft 
Linear thermal expansion coefficient  1/F  5.5556x10-1 
Mass  lb  2.2046 
Mass flow rate  lb/s  2.2046 
Melt flow index (MFI)  dg/min 
Moment, Torque  lbf-ft  7.3756x10-1 
Percentage 
Plane angle  rad 
Power, Heat release rate  lbf-ft/s  7.3756x10-1 
Pressure, Stress, Modulus  lbf/ft2  2.0885x10-2 
Resistivity  ohm 
Shear rate, Frequency  1/s 
Solid angle  sr 
Specific heat  lbf-ft/lb-F  1.8586x10-1 
Specific volume  ft3/lb  1.6018x101 
Surface tension  lbf/ft  6.8523x10-2 
Temperature  1.8  -459.67 
Temperature difference  1.8 
Temperature gradient  F/ft  5.4865x10-1 
Thermal conductivity  lbf/s-F  1.2489x10-1 
Thermal diffusivity, Kinetic viscosity  ft2/s  1.0764x101 
Time 
Velocity  ft/s  3.2808 
Viscosity  lbf-s/ft2  2.0885x10-2 
Volume  ft3  3.5315x101 
Volume resistivity  ohm-ft  3.2808 
Volumetric flow rate  ft3/s  3.5315x101 
Volumetric flow rate (2)  ft3/s  3.5315x101 


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